30- JOB'S SYNDROME

i was just going thru the book and came across this syndrome which i myself have never heard so i thought i ll let u know .

RECURRENT STAPHYLOCOCCAL CUTANEOUS INFECTIONS ARE MORE COMMON AMONG INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE EOSINOPHILIA AND ELEVATED SERUM LEVELS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN E. THIS IS CALLED JOB'S SYNDROME ..

god y do we humans get so many diseases.......?????????

29- prevention of opportunistic infections in AIDS

1- pneumocytis carinii - trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole

2-isoniazid sensitive mycobacterium tuberculosis - isoniazid and pyridoxine

3- isoniazid resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis - rifabutin or rifampin

4- mycobacterium avium complex- azithromycin and clarithromycin

5-toxoplasma gondi - trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole

6- prior toxoplasma encephalitis - sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine + leucovorin

7- varicella zoster virus - varicella zoster immunoglobulin

8- cryptococcus neoformans - fluconazole

9-histoplasma capsulatum - itroconazole

10-coccidiodies immitis - fluconazole

11-salmonella species - ciprofloxacin

12- cmv virus- ganciclovir

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VACCINES RECOMMENDED IN HIV PATIENTS

1- hepatitis b to all susceptible patients

2-hepatitis a to all susceptible patients with chronic hepatitis c or at increased risk for hepatitis a

3-influenza virus - all patients annually

4-streptococcus pneumoniae - to all patients

VACCINES RECOMMENDED FOR PREVENTION OF SEVERE OR FREQUENT RECURRENCES

1- HERPES SIMPLEX

2-CANDIDA

28-mais, tell me the diagnosis

mais, this x ray is for u , look at the x ray and ct and tell me the diagnosis . a small clue for u - this x ray and ct show the classical water lily sign which is seen in ________?

27- blood supply of the stomach

the stomach is supplied by many arteries like

a- short gastric arteries - branches of the splenic artery - supply the fundus of stomach

b-left gastro epiploic artery - branch of the splenic artery - supply the greater curvature of the stomach .

c- left gastric artery which is a direct branch of the coeliac trunk that arises from the aorta . supplies the lesser curvarture.

d- right gastric artery which is a branch of the common hepatic artery - supplies the lesser curvature.

e- right gastro epiploic artery which is a branch of the gastro duodenal artery which is again a branch of the common hepatic artery- supplies the greater curvature

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the branches of the COELIAC TRUNK are

1-common hepatic artery

2-left gastric artery

3-splenic artery

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the branches of splenic artery are:

1-short gastric branches

2-left gastro epiploic artery

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the branches of the common hepatic artery are

1-hepatic artery proper

2-right gastric artery

3-gastroduodenal artery

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the branches of the gastroduodenal artery are

1-right gastro epiploic artery

2-superior pancreatico duodenal artery

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just for the sake of information the INFERIOR PANCREATICO DUODENAL ARTERY is a branch OF THE SUPERIOR MESENTRIC ARTERY .

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26- blood supply of the rectum

rectum is supplied mainly by three arteries they are :

a- SUPERIOR RECTAL OR HEMORRHOIDAL ARTERY - which is a branch of the INFERIOR MESENTRIC which arises from the ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE AORTA .

b-MIDDLE RECTAL OR MIDDLE HEMORRHOIDAL ARTERY - which is a branch of the INFERIOR VESICAL ARTERY which is a branch of the INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY .

c- INFERIOR RECTAL OR INFERIOR HEMORRHOIDAL ARTERY - which is a branch of the INTERNAL PUDENDAL ARTERY which is a branch of the INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY.

25- down's syndrome

Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21 due to the presence of a third twenty-first chromosome, is one of the most common and well known birth anomalies. One in every 650 children born will be effected by this syndrome.

Characteristics
Some of the facial features which identify an individual as having Down syndrome include:

• Low set ears
• Up slanting palpebral fissures
• Low nasal bridge and dorsum
• Abnormal and excessive facial fat distribution
• Protruding, enlarged tongue

Frequency of Dysmorphic Signs in Neonates with Trisomy 21

Dysmorphic sign Frequency (%) Flat facial profile 90 Poor Moro reflex 85 Hypotonia 80 Hyperflexibility of large joints 80 Loose skin on back of neck 80 Slanted palpebral fissures 80 Dysmorphic pelvis on radiographs 70 Small round ears 60 Hypoplasia of small finger, middle phalanx 60 Single palmar crease 45

trisomy 21 - down syndrome , trisomy 18 - edwards syndrome , trisomy 13 - patau syndrome

24- hirschsprung disease

1-Hirschsprung disease is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system and is

characterized by an absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon resulting in a functional obstruction.

2-Most cases are now diagnosed in the newborn period. Hirschsprung disease should be considered in any newborn who fails to pass meconium within 24-48 hours after birth. Although contrast enema is useful in establishing the diagnosis, full-thickness rectal biopsy remains the criterion standard. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the basic treatment is to remove the poorly functioning aganglionic bowel and create an anastomosis to the distal rectum with the healthy innervated bowel (with or without an initial diversion).

3-Hirschsprung disease should be considered in any newborn with delayed passage of meconium or in any child with a history of chronic constipation since birth. Other symptoms include bowel obstruction with bilious vomiting, abdominal distention, poor feeding, and failure to thrive.

4-Surgical management of Hirschsprung disease begins with the initial diagnosis, which often requires a full-thickness rectal biopsy. Traditionally, treatment also includes creating a diverting colostomy at the time of diagnosis, and, once the child grows and weighs more than 10 kg, the definitive repair is performed.

This standard of treatment was developed in the 1950s after reports of relatively high leak and stricture rates with the single stage procedure were initially described by Swenson. However, with the advent of safer anesthesia and more advanced hemodynamic monitoring, a primary pull-through procedure without a diverting colostomy is increasingly being performed. Contraindications to a one-stage procedure include massively dilated proximal bowel, severe enterocolitis, perforation, malnutrition, and inability to accurately determine the transition zone by frozen section.

For neonates who are first treated with a diverting colostomy, the transition zone is identified and the colostomy is placed proximal to this area. The presence of ganglion cells at the colostomy site must be unequivocally confirmed by a frozen-section biopsy. Either a loop or end stoma is appropriate, usually based on the surgeon's preference.

A number of definitive procedures have been used, all of which have demonstrated excellent results in experienced hands. The 3 most commonly performed repairs are the Swenson, Duhamel, and Soave procedures. Regardless of the pull-through procedure chosen, cleaning the colon prior to definitive repair is necessary.

• Swenson procedure

• The Swenson procedure was the original pull-through procedure used to treat Hirschsprung disease.
• The aganglionic segment is resected down to the sigmoid colon and the remaining rectum, and an oblique anastomosis is performed between the normal colon and the low rectum.

• Duhamel procedure

• The Duhamel procedure was first described in 1956 as a modification to the Swenson procedure.
• Key points are that a retrorectal approach is used and a significant portion of aganglionic rectum is retained.
• The aganglionic bowel is resected down to the rectum, and the rectum is oversewn. The proximal bowel is then brought through the retrorectal space (between the rectum and sacrum), and an end-to-side anastomosis is performed on the remaining rectum.

• Soave (endorectal) procedure

• The Soave procedure was introduced in the 1960s and consists of removing the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and pulling the ganglionic bowel through the aganglionic muscular cuff of the rectum.
• The original operation did not include a formal anastomosis, relying on scar tissue formation between the pull-through segment and the surrounding aganglionic bowel. The procedure has since been modified by Boley to include a primary anastomosis at the anus.

• Anorectal myomectomy

• For children (and occasionally adults) with ultrashort-segment Hirschsprung disease, removing a strip of posterior midline rectal wall is an alternative surgical option.
• The procedure removes a 1-cm wide strip of extramucosal rectal wall beginning immediately proximal to the dentate line and extending to the normal ganglionic rectum proximally.
• The mucosa and submucosa are preserved and closed.

• Procedures for long-segment Hirschsprung disease
  • Patients with total colonic involvement require modified procedures to bypass the aganglionic colon yet preserve the absorptive surface area and allow for proper growth and nutritional support.
  • Most procedures include a side-to-side anastomosis of the ganglionic/propulsive small bowel to a short segment of the aganglionic/absorptive colon.
  • Whether a short right colonic patch or a small bowel-to-rectal wall Duhamel anastomosis is created is perhaps less important than maintaining a short patch length (<10>
  • Long-segment anastomoses, such as the Martin procedure, are no longer advocated.

• A laparoscopic approach to the surgical treatment of Hirschsprung disease was first described in 1999 by Georgeson. The transition zone is first identified laparoscopically, followed by mobilization of the rectum below the peritoneal reflection. A transanal mucosal dissection is performed, followed by prolapsing of the rectum through the anus and anastomosis. Functional outcomes appear to be equivalent to open techniques based on short-term results (Georgeson, 1999; de Lagausie, 1999; Curran, 1996).
• Transanal pull-through in which no intra-abdominal dissection is performed has also been described (Langer, 1999; De La Torre-Mondregan, 1998). The entire procedure is performed from below in a manner similar to perineal rectosigmoidectomy. The transition zone is identified and anastomosis is performed. Similar to the laparoscopic approach, outcomes have been similar to open single stage approaches with the benefits of minimal analgesia and shortened hospital stays (Langer, 2000; De La Torre, 2000; Langer, 2003).
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