Tuesday, November 27, 2007
30- JOB'S SYNDROME
RECURRENT STAPHYLOCOCCAL CUTANEOUS INFECTIONS ARE MORE COMMON AMONG INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE EOSINOPHILIA AND ELEVATED SERUM LEVELS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN E. THIS IS CALLED JOB'S SYNDROME ..
god y do we humans get so many diseases.......?????????
29- prevention of opportunistic infections in AIDS
2-isoniazid sensitive mycobacterium tuberculosis - isoniazid and pyridoxine
3- isoniazid resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis - rifabutin or rifampin
4- mycobacterium avium complex- azithromycin and clarithromycin
5-toxoplasma gondi - trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole
6- prior toxoplasma encephalitis - sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine + leucovorin
7- varicella zoster virus - varicella zoster immunoglobulin
8- cryptococcus neoformans - fluconazole
9-histoplasma capsulatum - itroconazole
10-coccidiodies immitis - fluconazole
11-salmonella species - ciprofloxacin
12- cmv virus- ganciclovir
--------------------------------------------
VACCINES RECOMMENDED IN HIV PATIENTS
1- hepatitis b to all susceptible patients
2-hepatitis a to all susceptible patients with chronic hepatitis c or at increased risk for hepatitis a
3-influenza virus - all patients annually
4-streptococcus pneumoniae - to all patients
VACCINES RECOMMENDED FOR PREVENTION OF SEVERE OR FREQUENT RECURRENCES
1- HERPES SIMPLEX
2-CANDIDA
28-mais, tell me the diagnosis
Monday, November 26, 2007
27- blood supply of the stomach
26- blood supply of the rectum
25- down's syndrome
Down syndrome, also known as Trisomy 21 due to the presence of a third twenty-first chromosome, is one of the most common and well known birth anomalies. One in every 650 children born will be effected by this syndrome.
Characteristics
Some of the facial features which identify an individual as having Down syndrome include:
- Low set ears
- Up slanting palpebral fissures
- Low nasal bridge and dorsum
- Abnormal and excessive facial fat distribution
- Protruding, enlarged tongue
Frequency of Dysmorphic Signs in Neonates with Trisomy 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|
trisomy 21 - down syndrome , trisomy 18 - edwards syndrome , trisomy 13 - patau syndrome
Sunday, November 25, 2007
24- hirschsprung disease
1-Hirschsprung disease is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system and is
characterized by an absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon resulting in a functional obstruction.
2-Most cases are now diagnosed in the newborn period. Hirschsprung disease should be considered in any newborn who fails to pass meconium within 24-48 hours after birth. Although contrast enema is useful in establishing the diagnosis, full-thickness rectal biopsy remains the criterion standard. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the basic treatment is to remove the poorly functioning aganglionic bowel and create an anastomosis to the distal rectum with the healthy innervated bowel (with or without an initial diversion).
3-Hirschsprung disease should be considered in any newborn with delayed passage of meconium or in any child with a history of chronic constipation since birth. Other symptoms include bowel obstruction with bilious vomiting, abdominal distention, poor feeding, and failure to thrive.
4-Surgical management of Hirschsprung disease begins with the initial diagnosis, which often requires a full-thickness rectal biopsy. Traditionally, treatment also includes creating a diverting colostomy at the time of diagnosis, and, once the child grows and weighs more than 10 kg, the definitive repair is performed.
- The Duhamel procedure was first described in 1956 as a modification to the Swenson procedure.
- Key points are that a retrorectal approach is used and a significant portion of aganglionic rectum is retained.
- The aganglionic bowel is resected down to the rectum, and the rectum is oversewn. The proximal bowel is then brought through the retrorectal space (between the rectum and sacrum), and an end-to-side anastomosis is performed on the remaining rectum.
- The Soave procedure was introduced in the 1960s and consists of removing the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and pulling the ganglionic bowel through the aganglionic muscular cuff of the rectum.
- The original operation did not include a formal anastomosis, relying on scar tissue formation between the pull-through segment and the surrounding aganglionic bowel. The procedure has since been modified by Boley to include a primary anastomosis at the anus.
- For children (and occasionally adults) with ultrashort-segment Hirschsprung disease, removing a strip of posterior midline rectal wall is an alternative surgical option.
- The procedure removes a 1-cm wide strip of extramucosal rectal wall beginning immediately proximal to the dentate line and extending to the normal ganglionic rectum proximally.
- The mucosa and submucosa are preserved and closed.
- Procedures for long-segment Hirschsprung disease
- Patients with total colonic involvement require modified procedures to bypass the aganglionic colon yet preserve the absorptive surface area and allow for proper growth and nutritional support.
- Most procedures include a side-to-side anastomosis of the ganglionic/propulsive small bowel to a short segment of the aganglionic/absorptive colon.
- Whether a short right colonic patch or a small bowel-to-rectal wall Duhamel anastomosis is created is perhaps less important than maintaining a short patch length (<10>
- Long-segment anastomoses, such as the Martin procedure, are no longer advocated.
- A laparoscopic approach to the surgical treatment of Hirschsprung disease was first described in 1999 by Georgeson. The transition zone is first identified laparoscopically, followed by mobilization of the rectum below the peritoneal reflection. A transanal mucosal dissection is performed, followed by prolapsing of the rectum through the anus and anastomosis. Functional outcomes appear to be equivalent to open techniques based on short-term results (Georgeson, 1999; de Lagausie, 1999; Curran, 1996).
- Transanal pull-through in which no intra-abdominal dissection is performed has also been described (Langer, 1999; De La Torre-Mondregan, 1998). The entire procedure is performed from below in a manner similar to perineal rectosigmoidectomy. The transition zone is identified and anastomosis is performed. Similar to the laparoscopic approach, outcomes have been similar to open single stage approaches with the benefits of minimal analgesia and shortened hospital stays (Langer, 2000; De La Torre, 2000; Langer, 2003).
- ---------------------------------------------
23- menghini's needle
this menghini 's needle is mainly used to do liver biopsies.
THE INDICATIONS OF LIVER BIOPSY ARE :
Liver biopsy, in combination with history and physical examination data, is a powerful clinical tool for diagnosing and treating liver disease. Indications for obtaining a biopsy specimen are listed in as follows. These are divided according to the type of clinical question framed.
- Evaluation of abnormal hepatic laboratory test results
- Confirmation of diagnosis and prognostication
- Suspected hepatic neoplasm
- Diagnosis of cholestatic liver disease
- Evaluation of infiltrative or granulomatous disease
- Following a case of liver transplantation to evaluate and manage rejection
- To evaluate unexplained jaundice or suspected drug reactions
CONTRAINDICATIONS OF LIVER BIOPSY ARE :
Contraindications to percutaneous liver biopsy are relatively few, but identifying contraindications is important to avoid the major complications associated with the procedure. Contraindications to liver biopsy include the following:
- Increased prothrombin time, international normalized ratio (INR) greater than 1.6
- Thrombocytopenia, platelet count less than 60,000
- Ascites (transjugular route preferred)
- Difficult body habitus (transjugular route preferred)
- Suspected hemangioma
- Suspected echinococcal infection
- Uncooperative patient
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22- types of biological transmission
A- PROPOGATIVE TRANSMISSION - in this type of transmission only multiplication of the organism takes place in the host without any kind of development that is change in form . example for this type of transmission is THE PLAGUE BACILLUS IN THE RAT FLEA.
B -CYCLOPROPOGATIVE TRANSMISSION - in this type of transmission not only does the parasite multiply vigorously it also changes its form . example for such type of transmission is
malaria parasite undergoing its sexual life cycle in the female anopheles mosquito.
C-CYCLODEVELOPMENTAL TRANSMISSION - in this type of transmission the parasite only undergoes change in form or development in the host but does not multiply .example for this type of transmission is the FILARIAL PARASITE IN CULEX MOSQUITO .
D- MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION - in this type of transmission there is neither change in the form of the parasite in the host nor multiplication of the parasite in the host .
21- sterlising techniques3
-the lippe's loop which is a type of contraceptive intrauterine device is sterilised by
using 1/2500 AQEOUS SOLUTION OF IODINE. -the thermometer is sterilised by
using the SAVLON 1 IN 6 IN SPIRIT FOR 3
MINUTES.
20- sterlising techniques 2
the glass feedin bottles were used in 1930. the chemical used to sterilise these infant feeding
bottles is SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE.
Saturday, November 24, 2007
19- sterlising techniques
18-human breast milk- advantages
COMPOSITION OF BREAST MILK :
WATER ---------------- 87 % -- 86 % ( IN COLOSTRUM )
CARBOHYDRATE - 7.5 %-- 3.2 % (IN COLOSTRUM )
FAT-----------------------3.2 %-- 2.3 % ( IN COLOSTRUM )
PROTEIN --------------1.2 %-- 8.6 % (IN COLOSTRUM )
- THE COLOSTRUM IS THE DEEP YELLOW SEROUS FLUID SECRETED BY THE BREASTS WHICH STARTS
DURING PREGNANCY AND IS SECRETED TILL TWO DAYS AFTER DELIVERY . ALSO CALLED FIRST MILK OR
BEESTINGS.
ADVANTAGES OF BREAST MILK --------
MATERNAL ADVANTAGES :
1-maternal bonding
2-less cost than substitute products
3-more appropriate child spacing due to a decrease in fertility
4-portable and resists spoilage while in the breast .
FETAL ADVANTAGES :
1-infant bonding
2-decreased incidence of diarrhea , wheezing bronchitis , necrotizing enterocolitis
3-bactericidal effect of lysozyme
4-presence of c3 and c4 components of the complement,lactoferin , secretory Ig A
and small amounts of Ig M and Ig G .
5-lower morbidity in the first year of life
6-bifidus factor stimulates the growth of L .bifidus in the gut.
7-Iron better absorbed and less anaemia found
8- lower incidence of tetany due to calcium/phosphorus ratio
9- less obesity and lesser chances of marasmus .
10-more digestible
11- decrease in food allergy compared to cows milk ( which has high beta - lactoglobulin )
12-composition tailor made for organ development ( renal function ) and growth (term compared with premature infant )
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17-FREI TEST
- The test was based on a positive hypersensitivity to an intradermal standardized antigen, lymphogranuloma venereum, which indicated past or present chlamydial infection. The Frei test would become positive 2-8 weeks after infection.
- Unfortunately, the Frei antigen is common to all chlamydial species and is not specific to LGV. Commercial manufacturing of Frei antigen was discontinued in 1974.
- ---------------------------------------------------
16- prion related diseases
prion is a protein particle which is infectious without any nucleic acids or virus like structure or properties. the diseases caused by prions are :
- In animals:
- Scrapie in sheep and goats[26]
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle (known as mad cow disease)[26]
- Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in mink[26]
- Chronic wasting disease (CWD) in elk and mule deer[26]
- Feline spongiform encephalopathy in cats[26]
- Exotic ungulate encephalopathy (EUE) in nyala, oryx and greater kudu[26]
- Spongiform encephalopathy of the ostrich[27]
- In humans:
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)[26] and its varieties: iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (iCJD), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD), and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD)
- Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS)[26]
- Fatal familial insomnia (fFI)[26]
- Sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI)[28]
- Kuru[26]
- Alpers syndrome[27]
Disease | Host | Mechanism |
---|---|---|
Kuru | Human | Cannibalism |
Sporadic CJD | Human | Spontaneous PrPC to PrPSc conversion or somatic mutation |
Iatrogenic CJD | Human | Infection from prion-containing material, eg, dura mater, electrode |
Familial CJD | Human | Mutations in the PrP gene |
vCJD | Human | Infection from BSE |
GSS | Human | Mutations in the PrP gene |
FFI | Human | D178N mutation in the PrP gene, with M129 polymorphism |
Sporadic fatal insomnia | Human | Spontaneous PrPC to PrPSc conversion or somatic mutation |
Scrapie | Sheep | Infection in susceptible sheep |
BSE | Cattle | Infection from contaminated food |
TME | Mink | Infection from sheep or cattle in food |
CWD | Mule, deer, elk | Unclear |
Feline spongiform encephalopathy | Cats | Infection from contaminated food |
Exotic ungulate encephalopathy | Nyala, oryx, kudu | Infection from contaminated food |
15- kiesselbach's plexus ( little's area )
the keisselbach's plexus is an area of rich arterial anastomosis seen in the ANTERIO INFERIOR REGION OF THE NASAL SEPTUM . the most common cause of epistaxis is injury to this site . the arteries that anastomose here are -
1- ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL ARTERY
2-SUPERIOR LABIAL ARTERY
3- SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY
4- GREATER PALATINE ARTERY .
---------------------------------------------
14- myiasis
Myiasis is an animal or human disease caused by parasitic dipterous fly larvae feeding on the host's necrotic or living tissue. Colloquialisms for Myiasis include "fly-strike" and "fly-blown".
Blowfly strike, known as myiasis, is a common disease in sheep, especially in areas where there are hot and wet conditions. The female flies lay their eggs on the sheep in damp, protected areas soiled with urine and faeces, mainly on the breech. It takes approximately 8 hours to a day for the eggs to hatch, depending on the conditions. This results in sores as the larvae lacerate the skin and this is the primary reason for the early removal of lambs' tails. The larvae then tunnel into the host's tissue causing irritating lesions. After about the second day bacterial infection occurs and if left untreated causes toxemia or septicemia. This leads to anorexia and weakness and if untreated will lead to death. Blowfly strike accounts for over $170 million a year in losses in the Australian sheep industry and so prevention measures such as mulesing are practiced.
German entomologist Fritz Zumpt describes myiasis as "the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which at least for a period, feed on the host's dead or living tissue, liquid body substances, or ingested food."
13- RICHTER'S HERNIA
These are the pictures of a type of hernia called the richter's hernia . it involves the herniation of only one side wall of the intestine which can lead to gangrene and perforation but there will be no symptoms of intestinal obstruction. named after German surgeon August Gottlieb Richter (1742-1812).
RICHTER'S HERNIA IS SEEN MOST COMMONLY IN FEMORAL HERNIA.
12- CEREBRO SPINAL FLUID
2- normal csf volume in an adult - 150 ml
3- normal csf pressure ----------- 50 to 180 mm of water.
4- are red blood cells normally present in csf ? NO , THE PRESENCE OF RBC IN THE CSF INDICATES PATHOLOGY .
5- are white blood cells normally found in csf ? YES , 0 TO 5 MONONUCLEAR CELLS PER mm3.
6- are neutrophils normally present in csf ? NO , ONLY MONONUCLEAR CELLS LIKE LYMPHOCYTES ( 60-70 % ) AND MONOCYTES ( 30 - 50 % ) are present. SO MULTINUCLEATED CELLS ARE GENERALLY ABSENT IN NORMAL CSF.
7- amount of glucose in the csf ? normally----- 40 - 70 mg/dl
8- amount of total lumbar csf protein ? normally ---- 15- 50 mg/dl
9- amount of lactate in the csf ? normally ----- 10 -20 mg/dl.
11- vincent's angina
Vincent's Angina of the Left Tonsil. The ulcer is friable and bleeds easily when swabbed.
10- schirmer's test
the schirmers test is a test done to diagnose dry eyes which can occur due to a whole hell lot of reasons.it is also called tear test. if the paper is dry even after 15 minutes it indicates sjogren syndrome which is one of the causes of dry eyes . but has to be confirmed . Dry eyes or lack of sufficient tear production, is a common eye problem in the Middle East. It could be due to very trivial cause like staying inside an air-conditioned room poor humidification, prolong reading or working on the computer with lack of adequate blinking or due to poor lid hygiene. It can also be due to more serious eye problems due to various diseases like, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, polymyositis and thyroiditis. Chronic use of antihistaminic for cold and allergy can also cause dry eyes. The tear film consists of three layers, the top one is the oily layer, the bottom one is the mucous layer and in between is the water layer. Poor lid hygiene leads to the blockage of the oil producing glands in the lids and subsequent excessive evaporation of the tear film due to lack of oil protection over the water layer. There are conditions of the eye when the mucous layer is defective such as Vitamin A deficiency and ocular pemphigus. Sometime chemical burns, especially alkali burns (e.g. drain cleaner, ammonia containing cleaning agents etc.) The most common symptoms of dry eyes are irritation, itching, foreign body sensation, burning, presence of stringy mucous discharge, transient blurring of vision, intolerance to sunlight and heavy feeling over the eyelids.
SOMETIMES THIS TEST CAN ALSO BE APPLIED TO TEST THE FACIAL NERVE AS THE PARASYMPATHETIC SUPPLY (SECRETOMOTOR FIBRES) TO THE LACRIMAL GLAND IS THRU THE FACIAL NERVE.
9-hutchinsons triad
medicine some times looks so easy . just by looking at the two incisors u can make a diagnosis . this picture shows the hutchinsons incisors which are characteristic of CONGENITAL SYPHILIS . by the way the diagnostic criteria of the congenital syphilis are called the hutchinsons triad and they are
a- HUTCHINSONS TEETH - AS U CAN SEE ABOVE
b- INTERSTITIAL KERATITIS
c- EIGTH NERVE DEAFNESS ( VESTIBULO COCHLEAR NERVE )
AIDS opportunistic infections
the first photo shows the lesions of kaposi sarcoma which is common in aids patients.
1- a cd4 count of less than 350 cells / microlitre is an indication to start the antiretroviral therapy in aids patients .
2- a cd4 count of less than 200 cells /microlitre is an indication that the patient is highly susceptible for pneumocystis carinii .
3- a cd4 count of less than 50 cells /microlitre is an indication that the patient is highly susceptible for CMV and mycobacteria of the mycobacterium avium complex.
4- as the cd4 count falls the opportunistic infections which will occur in an aids patient in the correct order as the count falls are
a- HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
b- HERPES ZOSTER
c- CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS
d- KAPOSI SARCOMA
e- CRYPTOCCAL MENINGITIS
f- CANDIDIAL OESOPHAGITIS
g- PRIMARY PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA( less than 200 cells/ microlitre - cd4 count)
h- NON HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
i- AIDS DEMENTIA COMPLEX
j- PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUCOENCEPHALOPATHY
k- WASTING SYNDROME
l- TOXOPLASMA GONDII ENCEPHALITIS
m- CMV RETINITIS ( less than 50 cells / microlitre )cd4 count.
n- SECONDARY PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA
0- MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX BACTEREMIA( less than 50 cells / microlitre )cd4 count.
leprosy
1- world leprosy day - january 28
2- other name of leprosy - HANSEN'S DISEASE
3- treatment of leprosy
a)- tuberculoid leprosy( paucibacillary leprosy )
- ----->WHO regimen 1982------ DAPSONE - 100 mg/day - unsupervised +
RIFAMPICIN - 600 mg/month - supervised
( both for 6 months ) .
------>MORE INTENSIVE REGIMEN --------
DAPSONE - 100 mg/day for 5 years ...
b) lepromatous leprosy ( multibacillary leprosy )
- -----> WHO regimen 1982------
DAPSONE - 100 mg/day +
CLOFAZIMINE - 50 mg/day ( unsupervised )
RIFAMPICIN - 600 mg +
CLOFAZIMINE - 300 mg/month ( monthly supervised )
both for 1 t0 2 years.
------> INTENSIVE REGIMEN -----
RIFAMPIN - 600 mg/day ( for 3 years ) +
DAPSONE - 100 mg/day ( indefinitely ) . -------------------------------------------------------------------
a small beautiful quote from BABA AMTE - JOY IS MORE INFECTIOUS THAN
LEPROSY ........... beautiful isn't it?
oral rehydration solutions
A- SODIUM CHLORIDE - 3.5 grams//////// - Na + CONC - 90 mmol/litre.
B- TRISODIUM CITRATE --- 2.9 grams////////- CITRATE CONC - 10 mmol / litre.
C- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE - 1.5 gms ///////- POTASSIUM CONC - 20 mmol /litre.
D- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE - 1.5 gms///////- CHLORIDE CONC - 80 mmol/litre.
E- GLUCOSE ---------------- 20 gms ///////- GLUCOSE CONC - 110 mmol/litre.
all these in the above said concentrations shud be dissolved in 1 litre of water.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
try remembering this using the pnemonic --- 110 - 20 = 80 + 10 = 90 .
Friday, November 23, 2007
anti viral chemotherapy and prophylaxis - little more
1- drug of choice for respiratory syncitial virus
( paramyxovirus - negative sense single strand
RNA virus) ----------------------------------------- RIBAVARIN.
2- drug of choice for CMV retinitis in AIDS patient --- GANCICLOVIR AND VALGANCICLOVIR.
3- drug of choice in influenza A and B -
PROPHYLAXIS- AMANTIDINE OR RIMANTIDINE.
TREATMENT - ZANAMIVIR AND OSELTAMIVIR.
4- drug of choice in chronic hepatitis b - INTERFERON ALPHA 2 B + LAMIVUDINE
5- drug of choice in chronic hepatitis c - INTERFERON ALPHA 2B + RIBAVARIN.
6- drug of choice in chronic hepatitis d - INTERFERON ALPHA 2B OR ALPHA 2A .
7- drug of choice in condyloma acuminatum - INTERFERON ALPHA 2B OR ALPHA NE3.
anti viral chemotherapy and prophylaxis
2- drug of choice in varicella ( immunocompromised host) - ACYCLOVIR
3-drug of choice in herpes simplex encephalitis ------------ ACYCLOVIR
4- drug of choice in neonatal herpes simplex --------------- ACYCLOVIR
5- drug of choice in genital herpes simplex -
a- primary treatment -----------ACYCLOVIR
b-recurrent treatment ----------ACYCLOVIR
c-recurrent suppression -------- ACYCLOVIR
6-drug of choice in mucocutaneous herpes simplex------
a-immunocomprimised host------ACYCLOVIR
b-prevention of recurrences
during intense immuno suppression----ACYCLOVIR
HERPES SIMPLEX OROLABIALIS RECURRENT ----- PENCICLOVIR
7- drug of choice in herpes zoster opthalmicus -------------- ACYCLOVIR
8- drug of choice in herpes zoster -----
a- immunocompromised host ---- ACYCLOVIR
b- IMMUNOCOMPETENT HOST ------ VALACYCLOVIR.
9- DRUG OF CHOICE FOR HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS - TRIFLURIDINE.
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Treatment of herpes viruses infection
1-drug of choice for herpes simplex keratitis is TRIFLURIDINE, VIDARABINE.
2- drug of choice for herpes simplex orolabialis ( recurrent ) - PENCICLOVIR, VALACYCLOVIR, FAMCICLOVIR AND DOCOSONAL.
3- drug of choice in immunocompetent patients with herpes zoster- VALACYCLOVIR , FAMCICLOVIR AND ACYCLOVIR.
4- for the rest of all type of infections in immuno compromised and immunocompetent patients and even in recurrent conditions caused by the HSV-1 , HSV-2 and VARICELLA ..... the drug of choice is ACYCLOVIR.
herpesviridae classification
Human Herpesvirus (HHV) classification | |||
Type | Synonym | Subfamily | Pathophysiology |
---|---|---|---|
HHV-1 | Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) | α (Alpha) | Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial) |
HHV-2 | Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) | α | Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital) |
HHV-3 | Varicella zoster virus (VZV) | α | Chickenpox and shingles |
HHV-4 | Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lymphocryptovirus | γ (Gamma) | Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
HHV-5 | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) | β (Beta) | Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome,[5] retinitis, etc. |
HHV-6, -7 | Roseolovirus | β | Sixth disease (roseola infantum or exanthem subitum) |
HHV-8 | Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus | γ | Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, some types of multicentric Castleman's disease |
classification of viruses
Virus classification
DNA viruses
- Group I: viruses possess double-stranded DNA and include such virus families as Herpesviridae (examples like HSV1 (oral herpes), HSV2 (genital herpes), VZV (chickenpox), EBV (Epstein-Barr virus), CMV (Cytomegalovirus)), Poxviridae (smallpox) and many tailed bacteriophages. The mimivirus was also placed into this group.
- Group II: viruses possess single-stranded DNA and include such virus families as Parvoviridae and the important bacteriophage M13.
Virus Family | Virus Genus | Virion- naked/ enveloped | Capsid Symmetry | Type of nucleic acid |
---|---|---|---|---|
1.Adenoviridae | Adenovirus | Naked | Icosahedral | ds |
2.Papovaviridae | Papillomavirus | Naked | Icosahedral | ds circular |
3.Parvoviridae | B 19 virus | Naked | Icosahedral | ss |
4.Herpesviridae | Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella zoster virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus | Enveloped | Icosahedral | ds |
5.Poxviridae | Small pox virus, Vaccinia virus | Complex coats | Complex | ds |
6.Hepadnaviridae | Hepatitis B virus | Enveloped | Icosahedral | ds circular |
7.Polyomaviridae | Polyoma virus (progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy) | ? | ? | ds |
[edit] RNA viruses
- For more details on this topic, see RNA virus.
- Group III: viruses possess double-stranded RNA genomes, e.g. rotavirus. These genomes are always segmented.
- Group IV: viruses possess positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. Many well known viruses are found in this group, including the picornaviruses (which is a family of viruses that includes well-known viruses like Hepatitis A virus, enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, poliovirus, and foot-and-mouth virus), SARS virus, hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus, and rubella virus.
- Group V: viruses possess negative-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. The deadly Ebola and Marburg viruses are well known members of this group, along with influenza virus, measles, mumps and rabies.
[edit] Reverse transcribing viruses
- For more details on this topic, see Reverse transcribing virus.
- Group VI: viruses possess single-stranded RNA genomes and replicate using reverse transcriptase. The retroviruses are included in this group, of which HIV is a member.
- Group VII: viruses possess double-stranded DNA genomes and replicate using reverse transcriptase. The hepatitis B virus can be found in this group.